Zaphod Beeblebrox
Sometimes your employer is a company with a well-documented process. Sometimes this is not the case. And if you are reading this, you are probably facing one or both of these problems (or have had a similar experience ealier) :
1. Your manager doesn't understand what process is and what it is for.
2. There is no project documentation available that you can re-use to setup or streamline your test share of whatever you are participating in.
As it is out of scope for this article to fix the whole world, and as it is unlikely that you'll be able to quickly change your manager's point of view (things like that are normally connected with person's life values and are extremely hard to adjust), I suggest we concentrate on #2 as a more realistic option.
Standards
In brief, the answer is IEEE 829. And you do not have to spend your salary to get access, as Internet contains enough information for you to start with. Also you do not have to follow every single word there, but rather use it as a guideline or a checklist.